The Chart — 47 BC – AD 117

Rome Judaea and the east

Rome — the name, the patron, the exiles The East — the thrones of the house Death — large ring marks the end of the house’s kingships Error bar — the dating window

Each numbered marker links to its row in the event register below. The upper ROME lane holds every act of the Roman patron toward the house — the grant that gave it the name, the crown voted in the Senate, the hearings, prisons, exiles and dismissals, the Vespasian proclamation from the Judaean command, the visits and the friendship with Marcus Agrippa, and the name’s return to the consular lists under Trajan. The lower EAST lane holds the thrones of the East: Judaea, Chalcis, Armenia, Armenia Minor, the building programme and the inscriptions that are the reign’s highest-attested evidence, and the revolt of AD 66 that ended Herodian rule in fact — the same war, read from Rome’s side, that raised the Flavian dynasty to the throne. Twenty-two events. Closely spaced events are fanned rightward for readability at 6.2 pixels per year; the register carries the true dates. The building programme has its own page: The Building Programme, 40 BC – AD 64. This period continues The Julii of Rome, 44 BC – AD 90, which it overlaps by design; green M4 chips link each event to the section of The Julii of Judaea covering it. The attestation dots on each row grade how many independent sources carry the claim — amber for one channel, green for two or more.

The Register

How the grading reads. one amber dot: a single channel carries it, with no external corroboration. two green: two independent sources cross. three green: a contemporary inscription, coin or other object. Counted by distinct register entries, not by citations — two passages of one author are one source. Twenty-five of the thirty-four entries rest on a single channel, and five carry material evidence — which is the whole of the inscriptional and numismatic record for the house.

№	Date	Lane	Event	Refs
1	47 BC	ROME	Caesar grants Antipater the Idumaean Roman citizenship, tax exemption and the procuratorship of Judaea, for service in the Alexandrian war. An enfranchised client takes his patron’s name: the house becomes, in law, Julii. The grant is reported by Josephus alone, with no external authority cited and no inscription recording it; the decrees Josephus quotes from the same period reward Hyrcanus the high priest and do not name Antipater.	42.1.14 42.2.1.194 M4 §2
2	late 40 BC	ROME	The Senate, on Antony’s motion with Octavian supporting, declares Herod king of Judaea; the new king walks to the Capitol to sacrifice between the two of them.	42.2.1.284 M4 §3
9	4 BC	ROME	The heirs argue Herod’s will before Augustus in Rome; the kingdom is split three ways, subject to the emperor’s ruling. The Julian patron disposes of the client succession.	42.1.17 M4 §3
10	AD 6	ROME	Archelaus deposed by Augustus and banished to Vienne in Gaul; Judaea annexed as a province.	42.1.17.342 11.1.55 M4 §4
11	AD 36	ROME	Agrippa, grandson of Herod, imprisoned by Tiberius over an overheard wish for Caligula’s accession.	42.1.18 M4 §5
12	AD 37	ROME	Tiberius dead, Caligula frees his friend, gives him a gold chain the weight of his iron one, and makes him king of Philip’s former tetrarchy.	42.1.18.237 M4 §5
13	AD 39	ROME	Antipas — the Herod of the Gospels — asks for a royal title, is denounced by his nephew Agrippa, and is banished to Lugdunum in Gaul.	42.1.18.252 M4 §4
14	AD 41	ROME	Caligula assassinated. Josephus places Agrippa at the centre of the crisis, moving between the terrified Claudius and the Senate. Claudius becomes emperor owing a debt to a grandson of Herod.	42.1.19 42.2.2.206 M4 §5
16	c. AD 75	ROME	Berenice, great-granddaughter of Herod, lives with Titus on the Palatine — by Dio’s account a wife in everything but law.	11.1.65 M4 §7
15	AD 69	ROME	The Judaean command raises an emperor: Vespasian, campaigning in Judaea, is proclaimed by the eastern legions in July AD 69 — the Year of Four Emperors. He leaves the siege to Titus and goes to Rome. The war begun in the East against a Herodian-named house is what hands the Flavian dynasty its army, its legions’ loyalty, and its throne. Titus Julius Alexander, prefect of Egypt and brother of Berenice’s first husband, declares for Vespasian first.	9.6.1 M4 §7
17	AD 79	ROME	On his accession, under public pressure and the spoken memory of Cleopatra, Titus sends Berenice away finally — dimisit invitus invitam.	9.5.7 M4 §7
18	c. AD 116–17	ROME	Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus, by the standard prosopography a descendant of Herod, holds a suffect consulship of Rome under Trajan. The name is back in the fasti — carried by the enfranchised line.	34.2 M4 §9
19	48–47 BC	THE EAST	Caesar is pinned in Alexandria. The relief marches overland under Mithridates of Pergamum, and Antipater brings three thousand Jewish troops, having also secured the Arab chieftains and the rulers of Lebanon. He is first over the wall at Pelusium; he talks the Jews of the Onias district and of Memphis into letting the column through, carrying letters from the high priest Hyrcanus; and in the Delta battle he rescues Mithridates’s broken wing and takes the enemy camp, wounded doing it. For this campaign Josephus cites Strabo, and through him Asinius Pollio and Hypsicrates — named external authorities, though all reaching us through Josephus.	42.1.14 M4 §2
20	37 BC	THE EAST	Herod takes Jerusalem from the Parthian-backed rival; the reign begins in fact and runs thirty-three years.	42.1.14.487 M4 §3
21	30 BC? (disputed)	THE EAST	The “year 3” series is struck — the only dated coinage of the reign and its largest denomination: helmet with star and palm branches, tripod with ceremonial bowl, legend BASILEOS HERODOU, date LΓ and the monogram TP. Bronze only, as a client king’s rank required; no portrait and no territorial title. The mint (Jerusalem or Samaria), the domed device (helmet or incense burner), the monogram and the era are all disputed — the standard catalogues date this issue variously to 40, 38/37, 37 and 30/29 BC. On Marshak’s reading it postdates Actium and marks Octavian’s reconfirmation of the crown.	61 62 M4 §16
3	30 BC	ROME	After Actium, having backed Antony, Herod meets Octavian at Rhodes — by the account removing his diadem before speaking and arguing the case of a loyal client rather than denying the loyalty. He leaves with the crown restored and the kingdom enlarged.	42.2.1.20 M4 §11
22	25 BC	EAST	Famine in Judaea. Herod melts down the gold of his own household to buy Egyptian grain through Petronius, prefect of Egypt, and distributes it — the one relief operation of the reign that is dated and specific.	42.2.15.9 M4 §11
23	22–10 BC	EAST	Caesarea Maritima and the harbour of Sebastos: the largest artificial open-sea harbour of its age, built in hydraulic concrete using pozzolana shipped from the Bay of Naples. Dedicated 10 BC with games.	42.2.15.9 HB
24	20–19 BC	EAST	The rebuilding of the Temple begins: the Mount doubled to a platform of some 144,000 square metres, on walls founded on bedrock. The outer works ran on for decades after the king’s death.	42.2.15.11 HB
4	15 BC	ROME	Marcus Agrippa — Augustus’s deputy and the second man in the empire — visits Judaea as Herod’s guest, is shown the new Temple, sacrifices there, and feasts the people of Jerusalem.	42.2.16.2 M4 §11
5	14 BC	ROME	Herod takes a fleet north to help Agrippa on campaign at the Bosporus — Rhodes, Kos, Chios (where he pays to rebuild the ruined city portico), Mytilene, Byzantium — and catches him at Sinope in Pontus. Josephus says Herod was all in all to Agrippa in the management of the war and his counsellor in civil affairs. They travel home together through Asia Minor, and on the road Nicolaus of Damascus pleads the case of the Jews of Ionia before Agrippa, and wins it: Agrippa writes to the Ephesians confirming the right to send gifts to the Temple and to keep the Sabbath. Herod renames Anthedon Agrippias and puts Agrippa’s name on a gate of the Temple.	42.2.16.2 5.2 M4 §11
7	12 BC	ROME	Sailing to Rome, Herod stops at Olympia and finds the games in financial collapse. He competes in them, then settles permanent revenues on them in perpetuity. The Eleans make him agonothetes for life — perpetual president — a title Josephus says was recorded in their inscriptions. The endowment is credited with carrying the festival into the second century AD.	42.1.16.149 M4 §13
8	12 BC	ROME	Herod brings his quarrelling sons before Augustus at Aquileia; the emperor reconciles them — the first hearing, five years before the second condemned them.	42.2.16.4 M4 §11
6	c. 20s–10s BC	ROME	Athens honours Herod with statue bases on the Acropolis, in the standard language of civic gratitude — styling him Philoromaios, friend of the Romans, on one, and Eusebes Philokaisar, the pious friend of Caesar, on the other. Kos honours him in a form read as attesting his Roman citizenship. At most six monuments to him are known in the world.	52 55 M4 §11
25	4 BC	THE EAST	Herod dies at Jericho.	42.1.17.188 M4 §3
26	c. AD 6	THE EAST	Tigranes V, grandson of Herod through the executed Alexander, placed on the throne of Armenia by Augustus. His nephew Tigranes VI is placed there again by Nero in AD 60.	42.1.18.139 M4 §6
27	AD 41	THE EAST	Claudius gives Agrippa the whole of his grandfather’s kingdom: Marcus Julius Agrippa, king of Judaea.	42.1.19.274 M4 §5
28	AD 44	THE EAST	Agrippa dies at Caesarea after five days of pain. Josephus and the Acts of the Apostles record the death independently, from opposite directions.	42.1.19.343 45.1.12 M4 §5
29	AD 54	THE EAST	Nero, in his first year, grants Armenia Minor to Aristobulus, great-grandson of Herod — a throne from the last of the adopted line to the enfranchised line.	41.1.13.7 M4 §6
30	AD 66	THE EAST	The Great Revolt: Judaea rises against Rome — the first month, the Roman garrison at Jerusalem is massacred; the legate of Syria, Cestius Gallus, brings four legions and is driven back at Beth-Horon with the loss of his eagle. Rome appoints Titus Flavius Vespasianus to subdue the province with three legions. Agrippa II argues against the war in the speech Josephus reproduces, and the house sides with Rome throughout — the war ends Herodian rule in fact if not in name.	42.2.2 M4 §8
31	AD 70	THE EAST	Jerusalem falls; the Temple Herod rebuilt burns.	42.2.6 M4 §8
32	after AD 60	EAST	The Berytus architrave: Agrippa II and Berenice restore a building “which King Herod their great-grandfather had built” — the king’s titles at its head reading rex magnus Agrippa Philocaesar. The name of Caesar carried as a Latin title by the last king of the house.	53 55 M4 §11
33	AD 79	THE EAST	The son of Drusilla — Agrippa I’s daughter — and the procurator Felix dies, with his wife, in the eruption of Vesuvius. A great-great-grandson of Herod among the dead of the catastrophe.	42.1.20.144 M4 §8
34	c. AD 92–100	THE EAST	Agrippa II — Marcus Julius Agrippa on his coins — dies, the last king of the house. The date is disputed: c. 92 by the common dating, c. 100 by the tradition Photius preserved from Justus of Tiberias.	42.1.20 M4 §8

Reference codes read source . work . passage against the master source register. Green M4 chips link to the section of The Julii of Judaea covering the event. The register cites the earliest attestation, not the most familiar one; where two independent traditions record one event — Josephus and the Acts on the death of Agrippa — both are cited. The dots grade each event’s attestation: one amber dot means a single source carries it; two or more green dots mean independent sources cross. The grading states what the register has always implied: most of what is known of this house travels on one channel.

The Sources of This Period

Numbers are master register numbers — permanent across the whole timelines project; the full register lives at the master source register.

42 · Josephus — ~AD 75–94, Judaean priest and Flavian client, writing within living memory of the Herodian court. Caesar’s grant of citizenship to Antipater, 47 BC (42.1.14; 42.2.1.194); the reigns of the enfranchised kings (42.1.18–19).42.1 Antiquities of the Jews · 42.2 The Jewish War
45 · The Acts of the Apostles — ~AD 80–90, within living memory of the Herodian court it describes. The death of Agrippa I at Caesarea (45.1.12); Agrippa II and Berenice hearing Paul (45.1.25–26).45.1 Acts (cited by chapter)
41 · Tacitus — ~AD 110–120, senator writing under Trajan, two generations after the events of the Julio-Claudian court he records. The Clemens interrogation (41.1.2.39–40); the adoption of Nero (41.1.12.25); the first false Nero (41.2.2.8).41.1 Annals · 41.2 Histories
9 · Suetonius — ~AD 121, imperial secretary to Hadrian with access to the archives. The will (9.1.83), the Cinna bill (9.1.52.3), the Oppius pamphlet (9.1.52.2), the funeral and Cinna’s death (9.1.85). The opening of the Divus Julius is lost in transmission; it begins in Caesar’s sixteenth year.9.1 Divus Julius · 9.2 Divus Augustus · 9.3 Tiberius · 9.4 Nero · 9.5 Divus Titus
11 · Cassius Dio — ~AD 200–230, some 250 years after, Roman senator writing in Greek. The fullest connected narrative; the Sibylline report “whether true or false” (11.1.44.15); the fate of the statue (11.1.51.22); the end in Alexandria (11.1.51.10–15).11.1 Roman History
34 · The Bovillae altar — stone altar dedicated by the gens Julia to Vediovis at Bovillae, inscribed leege Albana — by Alban law; dated on letter-forms to c. 100 BC. The one surviving physical document of the family’s own Alban claim.34.1 The inscription (CIL I² 1439) — stone; no single edition to link · 34.2 imperial fasti and inscriptions (later consular lists; not one document — cited as a class, unlinked)

Missing sources

Nothing in this list links out: these works are lost — their absence is the entry.

43 · The Memoirs of King Herod — Herod’s own account of his reign, cited by Josephus as a source (42.1.15.174). Lost.
44 · Justus of Tiberias — the rival Herodian-court historian; his chronicle ran to the death of Agrippa II and was still read by Photius in the ninth century. Lost.

Memos for This Period

Held as references, per the stream rule — the arguments live in the memos; the timeline states only what is attested and by whom.

Levant · History

The Julii of Judaea

The name’s longest documented journey. Caesar’s citizenship grant to Antipater in 47 BC made Herod’s house Julii in Roman law — and the record follows the name through the Senate’s crown, two sons exiled to Gaul, a grandson brokering Claudius onto the throne, thrones in Armenia, Berenice living beside Titus, a death under Vesuvius, and a descendant of Herod sitting as consul of Rome, as a Julius, under Trajan — a century and a half after the real male line was extinct. With its own timeline, the Rome lane against the thrones lane.

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Rome · History

The Julii

The family history of the gens Julia: the Troy chain and who recorded it, the surviving stone at Bovillae, Alba destroyed and the family transplanted to Rome, the Republic’s consuls, the lex Julia — and the adoption break: Augustus was a Julian through two women only, grafted by will onto a claim that runs father to son. With its own family timeline, Troy to the Ides.

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A Note on the Dating

Every event on this page is attested; the dashed markers carry a dating window, not a doubt about the event, and the one genuine dispute in the record — the death of Agrippa II, c. 92 by the common dating against c. 100 by the tradition Photius preserved from the lost Justus of Tiberias — is drawn as an eight-year error bar and left unresolved, per the house rule. The chart crosses from BC to AD with no year zero; the scale runs astronomical years beneath the labels. Nearly the whole page rests on Josephus, a writer inside the events’ living memory and inside the house’s patronage — his position is stated in the register, and the two points where an independent tradition crosses him, the Acts of the Apostles on the death of Agrippa and the Roman historians on Berenice, are cited beside him.

Format — TIMELINE-FORMAT-SPEC v1.4

This page follows the period-page format with a thematic lane split: a lane for the Roman patron’s acts toward a client house, a lane for the house’s thrones in the East, every event referenced to the master register, memo chips linking each event to the section that covers it, and dating windows drawn as error bars.

House rules: every event carries numbered references, linked to the master register · the register states no interpretation as an event · estimated means flagged, not resolved · the earliest attestation is cited.

The Julii of Judaea, 47 BC – AD 117